Judgment Day for China in Geneva

The Universal Periodic Review of the state of human rights in China at the United Nations saw several major countries publicly denounce the CCP and a major demonstration in front of the Palais des Nations, with Muslim Uyghurs, Tibetan Buddhists, members of The Church of Almighty God, and Bitter Winter, united in exposing the Chinese persecution of all religions.

 

Every five years, the United Nations Human Rights Council holds a Universal Periodic Review of each member state’s human rights record. On Tuesday, November 6, it was the turn of China – a world record holder when it comes to the violation of human rights and religious persecution.

As expected, China had a very rough day. Australia, UK, Canada, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, France, Iceland, Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States focused on “transformation through education” camps, where one and a half million inmates, two thirds of them Uyghur Muslims, and the rest – Tibetan Buddhists and members of religions declared illegal or banned – are subject to inhumane treatment and psychological pressure to induce them to abandon their faith.

China had dispatched to Geneva Le Yucheng, the Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs. He offered an arrogant but unconvincing defense of the “transformation through education” camps, claiming that they “free the minds of people affected by extremism.” Mr. Le’s speech verged on the ridicule when he explained that the camps offer “free-of-charge vocational training with a diploma after exams to those who had been coerced or lured by extremist groups.” But the speech was also sinister and threatening, as Mr. Le stated that the alternative to the camps would be “suppressing and wiping out” entirely the “extremists,” which in Chinese jargon means physically eliminating them.

To make Mr. Le and CCP’s rough day worse, hundreds gathered in front of the Palais des Nations, the second iconic symbol of the United Nations after the New York headquarters, to express their disappointment and anger, and call on international organizations to stop the persecution and slaughter in China.

The event was organized by the World Uyghur Congress (WUC), the largest organization of the Uyghur diaspora. Representatives of other persecuted ethnic groups and religions were also invited to participate. So, starting at early birds’ time from Palais Wilson, on the shore of Lake Leman, enveloped in the mist and numb of a cold morning, a procession of national flags and photographs of CCP victims set out orderly and peacefully to reach the Palais des Nations. Uyghurs, Tibetans, Inner Mongolians, exiles in Taiwan, human rights activists from Hong Kong, members of The Church of Almighty God, and Catholics shouted slogans against the CCP and President Xi Jinping.

Once at the Palais des Nations, many speakers took turns, representing the communities that crowded the square with their flags and signs, defying cold weather and, after a while, even rain. While banners and signposts wreathed in the wind, after the Uyghur and Tibetan national anthems were played, Mr. Omer Kanat, executive president of the WUC, took the floor.

Then Mr. Dolkun Isa, president of the WUC, followed, among others, by Mr. Jampa Tsering Samdho, a Tibetan parliamentarian in exile; Ms. Kristina Olney of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation in Washington; Sister Wu Sina from The Church of God Almighty; Mr. René Longet, a former member of the Swiss Parliament and its group for Tibet; Mr. Dolgion Hatgin, president of the People’s Party of Inner Mongolia; and Mr. Vincent Metten of the International Campaign for Tibet.

But, more or less out of the program, several Uyghur speakers, victims who escaped persecution in the “transformation through education” camps, also offered their testimonies. A sign, exhibited by a middle-aged Uyghur woman, composed and dignified in her grief, asked, “Where is my sister?” Adding ironically, “She is a medical doctor, she does not need vocational training.” The allusion is to the CCP’s claim that the camps where, in fact, people are tortured and die, offer “vocational training” to “victims” of religious extremism.

Sister Wu reminded the crowd that, just as it happens with Uyghurs and Tibetans, thousands of members of The Church of Almighty God are tortured in the Chinese jails and camps, and dozens have died in custody in highly suspicious circumstances.

Bitter Winter was also invited to attend the event. I traveled to Geneva to offer words of greeting, solidarity, and friendship to the rally. I believe that this Tuesday was a great and memorable day. Walking among Buddhists, Muslims, and Christians, all united and marching together for liberty and human rights is not an experience one has every day. To hear the Uyghurs shouting “Free Tibet!”, the Buddhists asking for freedom for the Muslims, and the Christians invoking peace for all faiths was a unique experience. This was not th

Dokun Isa, president of World Uyghur Congress

e language of some closet utopian, but a loving experience, forged in the blood shed by all the communities represented at the event.

Many of those marching in Geneva believed the CCP was guilty of terrorism and genocide. Will they be heard by the U.N.? Now, a troika composed of representatives from Hungary, Kenya, and Saudi Arabia—the three countries selected for the task by the Human Rights Council—will prepare a report with recommendations to China, to be completed on November 9.

Some U.N. diplomats are skeptical about the outcome of the process. But perhaps the final recommendations are not even the most important part of the Universal Periodic Review. The summary by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights composed from the documents submitted by NGOs will remain. It denounced the “transformation through education” camps, the atrocities against the Uyghurs and the Tibetans, and the persecution of the religious groups the regime has banned as xie jiao (“heterodox teachings”), noting in particular that “during 2014-2018, the Chinese Communist Party’s monitoring, arrest, and persecution had caused at least 500,000 Church of Almighty God (CAG) Christians to flee their home, and several hundred thousand families had been torn apart.”

China can manipulate the information and use its weight to make some documents “disappear” from the U.N. website, as it happened last week. But the Universal Periodic Review has switched on the light, and many crimes the CCP hoped to keep quietly committing in the darkness have now been publicly revealed. I am proud to have been part of this extraordinary day, where Bitter Winter promised to all persecuted minorities in China that it will continue to be a voice for the voiceless and to publish news, documents, and testimonies about the persecution affecting all religions in China.

Marco Respinti

Published, under the same title,
in Bitter Winter: A magazine on religious liberty and human rights in China
(Chinese version), November 7, 2018

 

 

Pubblicità

New Bitter Winter Movie on The Church of Almighty God Refugees Unveiled in Toronto

A session of the Parliament of the World’s Religions focused on religion-based Chinese refugees and introduced The Hoax, a movie about China’s attempt to harass the asylum seekers of The Church of Almighty God in South Korea.

 

The Parliament of the World’s Religions is the largest global inter-religious gathering. Thousands congregate every three years in a different city of the world, renewing a tradition inaugurated in Chicago in 1893.

The 2018 Parliament of the World’s Religions opened in Toronto on November 1. Among the events of November 2, A Question of Justice: The Refugees of The Church of Almighty God discussed the dramatic situation of the members of The Church of Almighty God who escape the severe persecution they are subject to in China and seek asylum abroad.

Professor Massimo Introvigne, editor-in-chief of Bitter Winter, introduced the argument and explained that the arguments used by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to justify the persecution are actually fake news. He referred in particular to the homicide of a woman in a McDonald’s diner in Zhaoyuan, Shandong, in 2014. The CCP attributed to the crime to The Church of Almighty God, but scholarly studies proved it was in fact committed by a different religious movement. Introvigne included among the fake news also the often repeated claims that The Church of Almighty God is “against the family.” In fact, he explained, the Church’s theology supports the family and many members are converted by their close relatives.

Professor Holly Folk, from Western Washington University, offered her interpretation and reconstruction of the theology of The Church of Almighty God. She concluded that, although an anti-cult propaganda insists in labeling the Church as “non-Christian,” in fact the notion of Christianity today is plural, non-traditional Christianities abound, and the theology of The Church of Almighty God has clearly identifiable Christian roots and supports the conclusion that this Church is indeed Christian.

Rosita Šorytė, president of the International Observatory of Religious Liberty of Refugees, presented the situation of the asylum seekers of The Church of Almighty God in different countries. She attracted the attention on the dramatic situation in South Korea and Japan, where, respectively, 979 and 266 requests for asylum were filed by members of The Church of Almighty God and not even one was accepted. She noted that in Canada and New Zealand, by contrast, most applications are accepted, and there are encouraging favorable decisions in several other countries, although the situation of the refugees remains difficult. Ms Šorytė identified the cause of these difficulties in Chinese political pressures, restrictive interpretations of the international conventions of refugees, and misunderstandings or inaccurate information about The Church of Almighty God. She also noted that international conferences, scholarly studies, and the efforts of some NGOs have improved the situation of the refugees in several countries.

A key moment in the event was the unveiling of the movie The Hoax, the first movie produced by Bitter Winter. Directed by Massimo Introvigne, the movie introduces The Church of Almighty God and its persecution in China, and tells the story how the CCP, with the help of Christian anti-cultists, did not leave alone the refugees even after they arrived in Korea and organized false “spontaneous” street demonstrations against them. The truth about these incidents, carefully planned by the CCP several weeks in advance, is revealed in the movie.

An audience from all continents gathered to hear the presentations. A female member from The Church of Almighty God’s Canadian community, and Eric Roux, president of the European Interreligious Forum for Religious Freedom, also offered their testimonies.

Marco Respinti

Published, under the same title,
in Bitter Winter: A magazine on religious liberty and human rights in China
(English version), November 3, 2018

 

Watch the trailer of “The Hoax”:

[version with subtitles: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2j9yqy1SOCM]

 

Download the movie “The Hoax”:

[version with subtitles: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UxFofvxz7N0]

中国の悪行リストに人種差別が加わる ([Japanese:] Adding Racism to China’s record of infamous abuses)

ケニアは中国に経済を依存している。しかし、中国人にとってケニア人は猿に等しい。中国人とケニア人ではトイレが分かれており、管理職の中国人は些細なミスでケニア人の女性の顔を叩く。これは中国共産党政権が重視する「非人間化」、そして、中国の影響を世界に広めるための「民間」の追従者を示す新たな事例である。

 

2014年、ニューヨーク・タイムズ紙で海外特派員を務め（上海支社を責任者として長年にわたって導き、北京語を含む複数の言語を流暢に話すことが可能）、現在はニューヨークのコロンビア大学の大学院でジャーナリズムを教えるハワード・W. フレンチ（Howard W. French）氏は、アフリカを中国の「裏庭」と呼び、著書『中国の2つめの大陸: 100万人の移民がアフリカに新しい帝国を作る』（China’s Second Continent: How a Million Migrants Are Building in New Empire in Africa）のなかで、アフリカ大陸における中国の進出を解説している。中国は豊富な資金力を有しているが、アフリカはあらゆるものが欠乏している。進出する上でこれ以上うってつけの場所はない。今回はケニアを取り上げる。

ケニアは1963年に独立し、約582,600平方キロメートルの国土に推定5,000万人が暮らす。公用語は英語とスワヒリ語だ。ケニアには47の民族が存在し（最大部族はバンツー族。第2位のナイル族2倍以上の人口を有する）、キリスト教、そのなかでも圧倒的にプロテスタントの信者が多い。次に多いのはイスラム教徒だ。また、土着信仰が少数民族の間で受け継がれている。少数民族のなかで特に目を引くのが、ヒンドゥー教徒の存在だ。ケニアはアフリカ諸国のなかで最も多くのヒンドゥー教徒が生活する国である。バハーイー教も存在感を放ち、人数は少ないものの仏教徒もいる。貧困率はとても高く、国際連合開発計画が毎年出版する人間開発指数では、ケニアは189ヶ国中142位であった。

欲にまみれた鉄道

この実態に約4万人といわれる中国人の存在を加えなければならない（集計を取ることは極めて困難）。事業の論理に従い、大勢の中国人はケニアに数年間しか滞在しない。従って、人の出入りは激しく、主にインフラに従事する企業で管理業務に携わる。ケニア政府と中国の実業界は、かつてないほど強固なつながりで結ばれている。その主な象徴の一つが全長466キロメートルの鉄道であり、首都のナイロビとインド洋沿岸の港町のモンバサの間を1日2往復するナイロビ-モンバサ間の標準軌鉄道（Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway）だ。この鉄道は36億ドル（約4038億円）の総工費を投じて作られ、2017年6月1日の第54回目のマダラカデー（1963年に英国から自治権を獲得したことを記念する祝日）に開業した。この鉄道はケニアが独立を果たして以来、同国にとって最大規模のインフラとなった。中国が投資を行い、（中華人民共和国交通運輸部の対外援助局から生じた）中国路橋工程有限責任公司が数年間にわたり延べ25,000人の中国人を雇用して建設した。そして、この鉄道は中国人によって運営されている。

現在、ケニアは中国に53億ドル（約5944億円）の借金がある。しかし、中国に借金をしているアフリカの国はケニアだけではない。実は、この10年の間に中国はアフリカ諸国への融資額で世界一となり、港、道路、橋、空港、鉄道といったインフラの整備が可能になった。それは、資本と巨大な労働力の移動であり、たとえ実質的に活動しているのが民間企業だとしても、民間企業が主体的に動いているとは考えにくい。中国政府の指示がなければ、葉っぱ一枚動かないはずである。しかし、中国政府がどれほどの影響力をアフリカにもち、どれほど発展を助けていようと、アフリカ人を猿と呼んでよいはずがない。

新植民地主義と差別

10月15日付けのニューヨーク・タイムズ紙でジョセフ・ゴールドスタイン（Joseph Goldstein）氏が指摘しているように、管理職に就く多くの中国人はケニア人の労働者を「猿」と呼んでいる。リチャード・オチエング（Richard Ochieng）さん（26歳）の事例は急速に多くの人が知るところとなった。ビクトリア湖近郊の村出身のオチエングさんは、ナイロビの外れにある急成長中の開拓地ルイルにある中国のバイク製造会社に勤務している。オチエングさんの上司であり、同じく26歳の柳佳奇（リュウ・ジアチイ）氏はケニアのウフル・ミガイ・ケニヤッタ（Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta）大統領を含む、ケニアの全ての国民を猿呼ばわりしていた。オチエングさんがケニア人は1963年に自由になったと伝えると、柳氏は猿でさえ自由だと繰り返した。当時、若いケニア人がスマートフォンでこの様子を録画していた。この動画は世界中に拡散され、この若い中国人実業家はすぐに国外追放となった。

しかし、ゴールドスタイン氏は「…この地域で増え続ける中国人の労働者による差別的な言動に関する出来事は、とりわけ彼らの政府は中国との関係強化を望む時期であったため、大勢のケニア人を動揺させた。」実は、「ケニアは同地域で大きくなり続ける中国の存在を受け入れており、大勢のケニア人は、国の未来を形づくってくれするものの、差別も持ち込む強大な外国人を、ケニアがうっかり受け入れてしまったのではないかと悩んでいる。これは同国にとって答えを出しがたい疑問であり、多くのケニア人、若い世代はとりわけ21世紀に直面するとは思っていなかった事態だけに苦しんでいる。」繰り返すが、これはケニアだけの問題ではない。なぜなら中国は「アフリカ全土で融資、インフラ整備を行ってきたからだ。このようなプロジェクトのコストを賄うため、多くのアフリカ諸国が中国の融資を受けるか、もしくは石油備蓄等の天然資源
を中国に依存してきた」と指摘している。

ゴールドスタイン氏によると、ナイロビでは「中国人の女性の管理職が、些細なミスでケニア人の女性の顔を叩いた場面を見たという証言もあれば、オフィスのトイレが中国人とケニア人で分かれていると明かしたケニア人もいた。しかし、別のケニア人の労働者曰く、トイレでタバコを吸うのは中国人だけであるにもかかわらず、小便器に詰まったタバコの吸い殻の除去を中国人の幹部職員がケニア人の従業者に命令していた」と言う。

有名なナイロビ-モンバサ間の鉄道に関して、ゴールドスタイン氏は「7月、ケニアの新聞紙「ザ・スタンダード」は中国の経営陣に従うケニア人の労働者の間に漂う「新植民地主義」の雰囲気を伝えていた。一部の労働者は屈辱的な処罰を受けていたという。また、ケニア人の運転士は記者がいない時には、運転を許されなかったようだ。ウフル・ケニヤッタ大統領が乗車した初日の運行では、2名の女性運転士が華々しく列車を運転していたため、この指摘が与えた衝撃は大きかった。ニューヨーク・タイムズ紙の取材で、数名の現役、および退職した機関車の運転士は、中国人しか列車を運転していない点を認め、また中国人による様々な差別的な言動を明らかにした。フレッド・ウンドゥビ(Fred Ndubi)さん（24歳）は中国人の上司に「制服を着ると、猿には見えないな」と言われたことを思い出していた。同じ職場の2人の従業員も同様の話をしていた」と報告している。

非人間化

国外の中国人のエリートによる差別は、テレビにも反映されている。ゴールドスタイン氏によると「2年前、中国の洗剤製造会社は、黒人を明るい肌のアジア人に変えることで、洗剤の有効性を実証するというテレビ・コマーシャルを流した。昨年、中国で人気のあるメッセージ送受信アプリのWeChatは、ソフトウェアが中国語「黒人の外国人」を、人種差別的な英語に翻訳していたとして謝罪した。そして、今年、8億人が視聴していたとされる旧正月の祭りを中継した番組で、顔を黒く塗った、男性が動物の着ぐるみを着用し、アフリカを中傷していた」という。

ケニアの当局は指をくわえて見ていただけではなかった。先月、ケニアの警察は中国の国営放送局のナイロビ本部を強制捜索し、一時的に数名の記者を拘束した。この強制捜索のタイミングは大勢の人々に衝撃を与えた。同じ週にケニヤッタ大統領が北京を訪問しており、ケニア政府内の人物が外交摩擦を起こしたかったのではないかという疑問が浮上したのだ。

この状況は擁護できないレベルに達しつつある。ゴールドスタイン氏も「これは奴隷と植民地化を正当化するための非人間化」だと確信している。ケニア人を猿呼ばわりする行為も全く同じだ。ケニアの運命を掌握するため、ある程度までケニア人を利用し、その後、角に追いやる。Bitter Winterの読者は中国政府、および、中国人の経営者による「非人間化」の言動の概念に残念ながら慣れ親しんでいるのではないだろうか。中国の政府と経営者にとって、邪教（Bitter Winterの読者の方々なら、これが単なる便利な表現に過ぎないことをご存知のはずだ）を信仰する者は、人として生きる資格すらなく、警察署、刑務所、「教育による改心」のための収容所でまるで獣のように扱われている。しかし、ついに邪教とされる団体に属する人々だけでなく、中国共産党政府が認可（および管理）する宗教団体を信仰する人々も対象になった。現在、中国共産党、そして、中国の影響力を拡大するために同政権が国外で事業を行うことを認めた者たちは、アフリカも占拠しつつある。さらに、以前Bitter Winterでも取り上げたように、フォーリン・ポリシー誌の記事によると、中国はその経済力を用いて、宗教弾圧に関するニュース配信を海外のメディアにさせないようにしている。中国の手が国外へと伸びている、当然アフリカにも接近している。

マルコ・レスピンティ（Marco Respinti）

Published, under the same title,
in Bitter Winter: A magazine on religious liberty and human rights in China
(Japanese version), November 1, 2018

악명높은 중국 박해의 또 다른 모습, 인종차별 ([Korean:] Adding Racism to China’s record of infamous abuses)

케냐가 중국에 경제적으로 의존하고 있는 상황에서 중국인에게 케냐인은 원숭이에 불과하다. 인종별로 화장실이 분리돼 있으며 케냐인 여성 근로자는 사소한 실수에도 뺨을 맞는다.

이 글은 중국의 세계 영향력 확대를 위해 중국 공산당 정권 및 이들의 “민간” 시종이 벌이는 끔찍한 “인간성 말살” 사례를 소개한다.

 

2014년 하워드 W. 프렌치 전(前) 뉴욕타임스(The New York Times) 해외특파원(상해 지부를 오랫동안 이끌어왔으며 만다린어를 포함해 다개국어를 유창하게 구사함)은 현재 뉴욕 콜롬비아 저널리즘 대학원 교수로 자신의 저서 “중국의 두 번째 대륙: 백만 이주자의 아프리카 새 왕국 건설기(뉴욕: Knopf)”에서 아프리카를 중국의 “뒷마당”으로 묘사했다. 중국은 돈이 많으며 아프리카는 말 그대로 모든 것이 필요한 상황이다. 그렇다면 영향력 확대를 해볼 만한 시장은 어디일까? 케냐 사례 연구를 살펴보자.

1963년 독립 이후, 케냐에서는 224,000제곱 마일의 면적에 인구 약 5천만 명이 거주하고 있으며 공용어는 영어와 스와힐리어다. 47개 민족(반투족, 나일족이 가장 흔하지만 반투족이 나일족에 비해 두 배 이상 많음)으로 구성돼 있고, 대개 기독교인이며 이 중 대부분이 개신교이다. 무슬림이 다음으로 많고 극소수가 토착 종교를 믿고 있다. 소수민족의 경우 전체 아프리카에서 가장 큰 규모를 자랑하는 힌두교 공동체(무엇보다도 이민의 영향), 막강한 영향력을 행사하는 바하이(Bahá’í)교, 그리고 소규모 불교 단체 등에 등록한다. 빈곤율이 굉장히 높은 편이며 유엔개발계획(UNDP)이 매년 산출하는 인간개발지수(Human Development Index)에서 189개국 중 142위를 차지했다.

일련의 욕구

이러한 상황에서 약 4만 명으로 추산되는 중국인 거주자(정확한 통계는 산출하기 어려움)에 대해 고려해 볼 필요가 있다. 비즈니스 논리상 중국인 대다수가 케냐에 몇 년밖에 머물지 않는다. 이직률이 높고 대개 인프라 관여 회사의 관리직을 담당하고 있다. 사실 케냐 정부와 중국 기업은 그 어느 때보다 긴밀히 협력하고 있다. 그중에서도 특히 나이로비에서 인도양의 몸바사 항구까지 하루에 두 번 기차가 왕복하는 290여 마일 철로는 그러한 협력의 상징적인 결과물이 되고 있다. 몸바사-나이로비 구간의 표준궤철도(SGR)로 알려져 있으며 건설에 총 36억 달러가 소요됐고 2017년 6월 1일 케냐 자치정부 수립기념일(Madaraka day, 1963년 영국으로부터의 독립을 기념하는 날) 54주년에 개통했다. 케냐 독립 이래로 가장 중요한 인프라로 꼽힌다. 중국이 자금을 댔고 중국도로교량집단(China Road and Bridge Corporation, 중국 교통운수부의 해외원조실에서 분리됨)이 2만 5천 명의 중국인을 고용해 건설을 진행했으며 추후 수년간 중국인이 운영한다.

전반적으로 오늘날 케냐는 중국과 53억 달러 상당의 부채로 이어져 있고 아프리카에 케냐 외 다른 국가도 같은 처지다. 실제로 지난 10년간 중국은 항만, 도로, 교량, 공항 및 철도 건설 등을 통해 아프리카의 최대 채권국으로 부상했다. 자본과 엄청난 권력의 이동이 단순히 사기업의 계획이라고 보는 것은 터무니없다. 물론 실질적으로 행동하는 것은 사기업에 해당한다. 그러나 쥐도 새도 모르게 중국이라는 국가가 움직이고 있다. 물론 그렇다고 하여 이들이 아프리카인을 원숭이로 부를 명분은 어디에도 없다.

신식민주의 및 차별

조셉 골드스타인(Joseph Goldstein)이 10월 15일 자 뉴욕타임스에서 이야기했듯이, 실제로 많은 중국인 관리자들이 케냐인 근로자를 “원숭이들”이라고 부른다. 리처드 오치엥(Richard Ochieng)의 사례는 큰 반향을 일으켰다. 리차드(26)는 빅토리아호 인근 마을 출신의 26세 젊은이로, 나이로비 변두리의 급성장 지역인 루이루(Ruiru)의 한 중국 오토바이 회사에서 근무하고 있다. 오치엥과 같은 나이인 사장 류 자치(Liu Jiaqi, 26세)는 모든 케냐인은 케냐 대통령 우후루 무이가이 케냐타(Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta)를 포함해 모두가 원숭이라고 말했다. 오치엥이 케냐가 1963년 이후 자유 국가가 됐다고 대답하자 류 씨는 이제 원숭이들도 자유롭다고 되받아쳤다. 오치앵이 휴대폰으로 찍은 해당 영상은 전 세계로 퍼져나갔고 류씨는 그 즉시 추방됐다.

이에 골드스타인은 “[…] 많은 케냐인들이 중국인 노동인구 노동 증가로 촉발되는 차별 행위 사건에 불안해 하고 있으며 케냐가 중국과 더욱 긴밀한 관계를 형성하고자 노력하고 있기에 더욱 그렇다>>. 실제로 <<케냐가 중국의 영향력 확장을 수용하면서 많은 케냐인들은 국가의 미래를 결정짓고 인종차별적 태도를 보이는 이 강력한 외국인들을 부지불식간에 환대한 것이 아닌지에 대해 의문을 품고 있다. 이는 굉장히 가슴 쓰라린 질문인 동시에 특히 케냐의 젊은 세대들이 21세기에 마주하리라고는 생각지도 못했던 문제이다.” 그리고 이는 케냐만이 겪고 있는 문제가 아니다. 중국은 “[…] 엄청난 규모로 아프리카 전역에 돈을 빌려주고 기초시설을 건설하고 있다. 여러 프로젝트의 대금을 지불하기 위해 많은 아프리카 나라들이 중국에 돈을 빌리거나 유전과 같은 천연자원에 기대고 있다”고 전했다.

골드스타인에 따르면, 나이로비에서 “어떤 이는 중국인 관리자가 사소한 실수를 이유로 케냐인 여성 직원의 뺨을 때린 것을 봤다고 진술”했고, 다른 케냐인 근로자들은 “[…] 자신의 회사에서 중국인 직원과 케냐인 직원이 별도의 화장실을 사용한다고 설명했다. 심지어 한 케냐인 근로자는 중국인 관리자가 케냐인 직원에게 소변기에서 담배꽁초를 치우도록 시켰다며 그 화장실에서는 오로지 중국인 직원만 담배를 피운다고 전했다.”

유명한 몸바사-나이로비 철도에 대해 골드스타인은 “[…]7월, 케냐 일간지인 스탠다드(The Standard)는 중국인 관리 밑에서 일하고 있는 케냐인 철도 직원의 상황이 흡사 ‘신식민주의’와 같다고 묘사하는 보도를 발행했다. 일부는 모욕적인 대접을 받고 있다며 언론 취재가 나오는 경우를 제외하고 케냐인 기관사는 기차를 운행할 수 없다. 이는 특히 논란이 될 만한 주장인데 기차 최초 운행 때 우후루 케냐타 대통령이 동승해 두 명의 케냐인 여성이 직접 운전하는 모습을 대대적으로 광고했기 때문이다. 뉴욕타임즈는 현, 전직 기차 운전수와의 인터뷰에서 오직 중국인 기관사만 기차를 운행할 수 있었고 다양한 인종차별 대우가 횡행한 사실을 접했다. 프레드 느두비(Fred Ndubi, 24세)는 자신의 중국인 상사가 ‘유니폼을 입으니 더이상 원숭이 같지 않다’고 말했다고 전했다. 심지어 함께 있었던 다른 두 직원도 같은 말을 했다.”

인간성 말살

해외에 거주하는 중국인 엘리트의 인종차별은 심지어 TV에서도 찾아 볼 수 있다. 골드스타인에 따르면 “2년 전, 한 중국 회사의 세탁용 세제 광고에는 검은 피부의 사람을 하얀 피부의 아시아인으로 체인지하는 효과로 세제의 초강력 효과를 홍보했다. 작년, 중국의 인기 메신저 앱인 위챗은 자사 소프트웨어가 ‘외국 흑인’이라는 중국어 단어를 인종차별적인 영어 표현으로 번역한 사실에 대해 사과하기도 했다. 올해, 약 8억 명이 시청한 중국의 음력 설 기념 TV 프로그램에서 아프리카인의 캐리커처를 검은 얼굴의 동물 옷을 입은 남성으로 묘사하기도 했다.”

케냐 당국이 가만히 앉아서 두고 본 것은 아니다. “지난달, 케냐 경찰은 중국 국영방송 채널의 나이로비 본부를 습격하여 기자 여러 명을 단기 구류했다. 많은 이들이 사건이 일어난 시점을 두고 의아해했던 것은 같은 주에 케냐타 대통령이 북경을 방문했기 때문이다. 케냐 정부의 내부자가 중국과의 외교 갈등을 야기하기 위해 일부러 이런 일을 벌였다는 의심이 나오는 이유다.

상황은 점점 받아들이기 힘든 수준으로 치닫고 있으며 골드스타인은 “[…] 이것이 곧 노예제도와 식민지를 정당화하기 위해 사용됐던 인간성 말살이라는 사실”을 믿어 의심치 않는다. 케냐인을 원숭이로 비하하는 것은 곧 이들을 이용하고 구석으로 몰아 국가의 방향을 좌우하려는 의도를 보여준다. 현재, 비터 윈터의 독자들은 슬프게도 중국 당국 및 관리자들이 행하는 “인간성 말살” 개념이 익숙할 것이다. 이들에게 사교(우리 독자들은 또한 사교가 편의상 사용하기 좋은 표현에 불과하다는 사실을 알고 있다)에 속하는 자들은 인간다운 대우를 받을 권리가 없으며 경찰, 교도소, 재교육수용소 등에서 짐승만도 못한 취급을 받는다. 그러나 이런 상황이 종국에는 이른바 사교에 속한 자뿐만 아니라 공산당 정부가 승인(및 통제)하는 종교를 믿는 사람에게까지 적용되고 있다. 현재 중국 공산당(CCP)과 공산당이 영향력 확장을 위해 해외에서 사업할 수 있도록 허가한 모든 사람들의 인간성 말살 행위는 아프리카를 뒤덮고 있다. 게다가 비터 윈터가 이미 포린 폴리시(Foreign Policy)의 기사에 기반하여 보도했듯이 중국은 자신의 경제력을 이용해 해외 언론이 종교 박해 뉴스를 보도하지 못하도록 막고 있다. 요컨대 중국은 분명 해외에 더욱 침투하고 있고 아프리카도 예외가 아니다.

마르코 레스핀티(Marco Respinti)

Published, under the same title,
in Bitter Winter: A magazine on religious liberty and human rights in China
(Korean version), November 1, 2018

臭名昭著的中國流弊再添一筆：種族歧視 ([Chinese:] Adding Racism to China’s record of infamous abuses)

肯尼亞在經濟上依賴於中國，但是在中國人眼中肯尼亞人只是猴子，這兩個種族分開使用不同的衛生間，肯尼亞女工因小失誤而遭掌摑。這是與中共政權密切相關的又一個突出的「非人化」事例，也是中國當局在擴大其全球影響力過程中的「祕密」衍生物。

 

傅好文（Howard W. French）是前《紐約時報》駐外記者，曾長期擔任紐約時報上海分社社長，通曉多種語言並能說一口流利的普通話，現任紐約哥倫比亞大學新聞學研究生院教授。2014年，他在《中國的第二大陸：百萬移民如何在非洲建立新帝國》（紐約克諾夫出版社）裡記錄了這一亞洲大國在「黑色大陸」的擴張，並稱非洲是中國的「後院」。中國人有錢，有很多錢，而非洲可謂什麼都缺。那麼，哪個市場更值得擴張？以下是肯尼亞的個案研究。

肯尼亞獨立於1963年，佔地面積略多於224,000平方英里，總人口約為5000萬，官方語言為英語和斯瓦西里語。肯尼亞共有47個已知民族，其中班圖人和尼羅人分布最廣，但前者的規模是後者的兩倍多。肯尼亞人大多數是基督徒，其中新教徒佔絕大多數；其次是穆斯林，另有少數人信奉原始宗教。在眾多少數團體中，人們還必須注意到一個全非洲最大的印度教徒社區（主要因移民原因形成），還有一個是受巴哈伊信仰影響最大的團體，以及一個規模較小的佛教團體。肯尼亞的貧困率非常高，聯合國開發計劃署的人類發展報告辦公室每年發布的人類發展指數顯示，肯尼亞在189個國家中排名第142位。

 

慾望火車

關於這張圖片，人們肯定會想到在肯尼亞大約有40,000名中國人（即使統計數據很難收集）。按照商業常理，許多中國人僅僅在肯尼亞待幾年，因此他們的員工更替率很高，而且他們基本上都在基礎設施建設公司擔任管理職務。事實上，肯尼亞政府與中國企業之間的夥伴關係比以往任何時候都穩固。其主要標誌之一是290多英里長的鐵路：蒙巴薩－內羅畢標準軌鐵路，在那裡火車每天往返兩次穿梭於首都城市內羅畢和印度洋海岸蒙巴薩港之間。該鐵路耗資36億美元，是該國自獨立以來最重要的基礎設施，於2017年6月1日投入使用，即第54屆馬達拉卡日（責任日），1963年的這一天，肯尼亞從大英帝國成立自治政府。該鐵路由中國資助，由中國路橋工程有限責任公司（前身為中國交通部援外辦公室）僱用25,000名中國人歷時幾年建造而成，並將由中國運營。

總體而言，今天的肯尼亞因53億美元的債務與北京緊緊相連，但在非洲，此類事件不一而足。事實上，在過去的十幾年，中國已成為非洲國家最大的債權國，幫助他們建設港口、公路、橋梁、機場和鐵路。雖然在非洲領土上主要是私營公司在奔波，但是如果將這種資本和巨大影響力的流動認為僅僅是私營公司的新措施，這樣的想法是荒謬的，因為北京的意願在此起決定性作用。即便如此，但在所有的投資計劃中絕不存在稱非洲人為猴子等這樣的特權。

 

新殖民主義和歧視

正如約瑟夫·戈德斯坦（Joseph Goldstein）10月15日在《紐約時報》上所記載的那樣，事實上，許多中國經理稱他們的肯尼亞工人為「猴子」。理查德·奧欽（Richard Ochieng）的事例在網絡上瘋傳。奧欽今年26歲，來自維多利亞湖附近的一個村莊，在內羅畢邊緣快速發展的鄉鎮魯伊魯的一家中國摩托車公司工作。他的老闆柳佳奇同樣26歲，他稱所有肯尼亞人都是猴子，包括肯尼亞共和國總統烏胡魯·肯雅塔（Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta）。當奧欽回答說自1963年以來肯尼亞人就獲得自由時，柳佳奇卻重申猴子也是自由的。這位年輕的非洲人用智能手機錄下的這段視頻傳遍了全球，這位年輕的亞洲人立即被遣返回國。

但是，戈德斯坦說：「該地區不斷增加的中國勞動力所帶來的歧視性行為讓許多肯尼亞人感到不安，尤其是在他們的政府尋求與中國建立更緊密聯繫的時候。」事實上，「隨著肯尼亞積極接受中國在該地區不斷擴大的影響力，許多肯尼亞人懷疑這個國家是否在不知不覺中迎接強大的外國人大量湧入，這些人正在塑造本國的未來——同時也帶來了種族主義態度。對於這個國家來說，這是一個痛苦的問題，許多肯尼亞人，尤其是年輕的肯尼亞人，並沒有預料到在21世紀還會面臨這個問題。」但是正如之前所說，肯尼亞的例子並非個案，因為中國「在非洲各地大規模放貸、進行基礎設施建設。為了支付這些項目所需的資金，許多非洲國家向中國借款，或是依賴於例如石油貯藏這樣的自然資源」。

據戈德斯坦說，在內羅畢，「一人描述說她看到一名同為女性的中國經理因為一個小失誤，搧了她肯尼亞同事耳光。其他肯尼亞工人解釋了他們辦公室的衛生間是如何以種族進行區分的：一個是中國員工專用，其他則是給肯尼亞人使用的。另一名肯尼亞工人描述一個中國經理指示肯尼亞員工去疏通被煙蒂堵塞的小便池，儘管只有中國員工敢在裡面吸煙。」

關於著名的內羅畢－蒙巴薩鐵路，戈德斯坦提到：「七月，肯尼亞報紙《旗幟報》刊登了一份報告，對中國管理下肯尼亞鐵路工人所處的『新殖民主義』氛圍作出描述。報告說，一些人遭受了侮辱性懲罰，並且除了記者在場的時候，他們不讓肯尼亞工程師開火車。這是一個尤其爆炸性的說法，因為在該列車的首次通車時，兩名肯尼亞女性開車的新聞獲得了不少報道，當時該國總統烏胡魯·肯雅塔（Uhuru Kenyatta）也在車上。在接受《紐約時報》採訪時，幾名現任及前任火車司機確認了只有中國人能操作火車的說法，對一系列帶有種族主義的行為進行了描述。『穿上制服，你看上去就不像猴子了，』24歲的弗雷德·努比（Fred Ndubi）記得他的中國主管這麼說。和他一起的兩名工人也給出了同樣的說法。」

 

非人化

中國海外精英的種族主義甚至出現在電視上。戈德斯坦解釋道：「兩年前，中國一家洗衣液公司播出的一則廣告中將一個黑人洗成白皙的亞洲人，以此來展示洗衣液的強效。去年，中國受歡迎的通信軟件微信為其將『外國黑人』翻譯為英語中的帶種族污衊的單詞而道歉。今年，約8億觀眾觀看的中國春節晚會電視節目中有塗黑臉和扮動物諷刺非洲人的節目。」

肯尼亞當局也沒有坐視不管，例如：「上個月，肯尼亞警察突擊搜查了中國一個官方電視頻道在內羅畢的總部，幾名記者一度遭到拘留。該行動的時機讓很多人覺得很是奇怪：同一週，肯雅塔總統在北京，這引發了肯尼亞政府內部是否有人想造成外交糾紛的疑問。」

情況漸趨竭澤而漁，戈德斯坦堅信這種「非人化的形容曾被用來作為奴隸制和殖民的正當理由」，把肯尼亞人貶稱為猴子正意味著：眼前利用他們，隨後便棄之如敝履，以便在該國呼風喚雨。如今不幸的是，對《寒冬》讀者而言，中國當局及其領導人所實施的「非人化」概念已屢見不鮮：在中國當局及領導人眼中，屬於「邪教」的人甚至是沒有身為人的權利（而我們的讀者都知道「邪教」只是一種方便有效的措辭），在警察局、監獄和再教育營中他們被當作動物對待；然而，最終遭到如此對待的已不僅限於所謂「邪教」團體的成員，而是擴大到所有信奉宗教的人，甚至包括那些經中共政府授權（並由它控制）的宗教。但是現在中共及其為擴大自身影響力而准許在國外開展業務的中國人的非人化行為也在逐漸侵佔非洲。此外，正如《寒冬》曾報道過，《外交政策》上的一篇文章稱，中國正在利用其經濟實力阻止外國媒體報道宗教迫害的相關新聞。中國的黑手逼近海外，當然非洲也不可避免。

馬可·萊斯賓蒂 （Marco Respinti）

Published, under the same title,
in Bitter Winter: A magazine on religious liberty and human rights in China
(Chinese version), November 1, 2018

Adding Racism to China’s record of infamous abuses

Kenya depends economically on China, but for the Chinese Kenyans are just monkeys, there are separate baths for each race and Kenyan female workers are slapped in their face for minimal errors. Another striking example of the “dehumanization” dear to the Chinese communist regime and its “private” acolytes to expand Beijing’s influence in the world.

In 2014, Howard W. French, former foreign correspondent for The New York Times (whose Shanghai office he has directed for long time, fluently speaking several languages ​​including Mandarin) and now a professor at Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in New York, described Africa as China’s “backyard”, documenting the expansion of the Asian giant in the Black Continent in the book China’s Second Continent: How a Million Migrants Are Building in New Empire in Africa (New York: Knopf). The Chinese have money, a lot of, and Africa literally needs everything. Which better market, therefore, for expanding? A case study is Kenya.

Independent since 1963, its little more than 224,000 square miles of surface are inhabited by an estimated 50 million people who officially speak English and Swahili. Divided into 47 acknowledged ethnic groups (Bantu and Nilotic are the most widespread, but in size the former group more than doubles the latter), Kenyans are mostly Christian and predominantly Protestant. Muslims follow, while indigenous worships are practiced by a small minority. Among minorities, one must register also one the largest hindu community of the whole Africa (above all effect of immigration), one of the most significant presences of the Bahá’í faith and also a small Buddhist group. The poverty rate is very high and in the Human Development Index, published annually by the Human Development Office of the Development Programme of the United Nations Organization, the African country is at 142nd place out of 189.

 

The train of desires

Il treno della Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway

To this picture one must add an evaluated Chinese presence (even if the statistics are quite difficult to compile) of about 40,000 people. Following business logic, many Chinese remain in Kenya only a few years: the rate of their turnover is therefore high and for the most part they hold managerial roles in companies mainly engaged in infrastructures. The partnership between the Kenyan government and Chinese entrepreneurship is in fact more solid today than ever. One of its major symbols is the more than 290 miles of railway tracks of the route traveled round-trip twice a day by the trains that shuttle between the capital-city Nairobi and the port of Mombasa on the Indian Ocean: the Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway, costing US$ 3.6 billion, inaugurated on June 1, 2017 – 54th Madaraka Day (Day of Responsibility), i.e. the anniversary of Kenyan home-rule from the British Empire in 1963 ‒ and the foremost infrastructure of the country since its independence. The Chinese have funded it, the China Road and Bridge Corporation (grown out of the Foreign Aid Office of the Ministry of Communications of China) has built it employing 25,000 Chinese and, for several years, it will be operated by the Chinese.

On the whole, today’s Kenya is linked to Beijing by US$ 5.3 billion of debts, but in Africa it is by no means an isolated case. In fact, over the last decade, China has become the largest lender of money to African countries, allowing the construction of ports, roads, bridges, airports and railways. It is a movement of capital and enormous powers that it is ludicrous to imagine to be only the initiative of private companies even if often, on African territory, private companies are those which materially act. Not a leaf stirs but Beijing wills it. Yet in the package there has never been any sine cura for calling Africans names like monkeys.

 

Neocolonialism and discrimination

Liu Jaiqi

As Joseph Goldstein documents in The New York Times edition for October 15th, many Chinese managers in fact call their Kenyan workers “monkeys.” The case of Richard Ochieng went viral. A 26-year-old guy from a village near Lake Victoria, Ochieng works in Ruiru, a fast-growing settlement at the edge of Nairobi, for a Chinese motorcycle company. His boss, aged 26 alike, Liu Jiaqi, claims that all Kenyans are monkeys, including the president of the republic, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta. When Ochieng replies that the Kenyans are free since 1963, Liu Jiaq reiterates that even monkeys are free. The video recorded by the young African with his smartphone has toured the world and the young Asian was immediately repatriated.

But, Goldstein says, “[…] episodes involving discriminatory behavior by the region’s growing Chinese work force have unsettled many Kenyans, particularly at a time when their government seeks closer ties with China”. In fact, “[a]s the country embraces China’s expanding presence in the region, many Kenyans wonder whether the nation has unwittingly welcomed an influx of powerful foreigners who are shaping the country’s future ‒while also bringing racist attitudes with them. It is a wrenching question for the nation, and one that many Kenyans, especially younger ones, did not expect to be confronting in the 21st century.” And again, it is not just the case of Kenya since China “[…] has lent money and erected infrastructure on a sweeping scale across Africa. To pay for such projects, many African nations have borrowed from China or relied on natural resources like oil reserves.”

According to Goldstein, in Nairobi “[o]ne described watching a Chinese manager slap her Kenyan colleague, who was also a woman, for a minor mistake.” Other Kenyan workers “[…] explained how their office bathrooms were separated by race: one for Chinese employees, the other for Kenyans. Yet another Kenyan worker described how a Chinese manager directed his Kenyan employees to unclog a urinal of cigarette butts, even though only Chinese employees dared smoke inside.”

As to the famous Nairobi-Mombasa railway, Godlstein informs, “[…]in July, The Standard, a Kenyan newspaper, published a report describing an atmosphere of ‘neocolonialism’ for Kenyan railway workers under Chinese management. Some have been subjected to demeaning punishment, it said, while Kenyan engineers have been prevented from driving the train, except when journalists are present. It was a particularly explosive claim because during the train’s maiden voyage, with President Uhuru Kenyatta on board, two Kenyan women drove the train to much fanfare. In interviews with The New York Times, several current and former locomotive drivers agreed that only Chinese drivers got to operate the train, describing a range of racist behavior. ‘With uniforms on, you won’t look like monkeys anymore,’ Fred Ndubi, 24, recalled his Chinese supervisors saying. Two other workers with him offered the same account.”

 

Dehumanization

The racism of the Chinese elites abroad has even ended up on television. “Two years ago,” Goldstein explains, “a laundry detergent company in China ran a television commercial in which the detergent’s effectiveness was demonstrated by transforming a black man into a light-skinned Asian man. Last year, WeChat, the country’s popular messaging app, apologized after its software was found to translate the Chinese words for ‘black foreigner’ into a racial slur in English. This year, China’s televised Lunar New Year gala, estimated to reach 800 million viewers, included caricatures of Africans, with blackface and men in animal suits.”

Nor did the Kenyan authorities simply stayed and watched, as “[l]ast month, the Kenyan police raided the Nairobi headquarters of a Chinese state-run television channel, briefly detaining several journalists. The timing struck many as curious: It was the same week that President Kenyatta was in Beijing, raising the question of whether someone inside the Kenyan government wanted to create a diplomatic row.”

The situation is becoming increasingly unsustainable and Goldstein has no doubts: it is “[…] dehumanization used to justify slavery and colonization.” Degrading Kenyans to monkeys means exactly this: using them to the point and then relegating them to a corner in order to make good and bad weather in the country. Now, readers of Bitter Winter are unfortunately accustomed to the concept of “dehumanization” practiced by Chinese authorities and managers: for them those who belongs to a xie jiao (and our readers know that xie jiao is just an expression of instrumental convenience) has no right even to humanity and are treated like beasts in police stations, prisons, and re-education camps; in the end, however, not only those who belong to an alleged xie jiao, but whoever professes a religion, including those authorized (and controlled) by the communist government. But now the dehumanization practiced by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and by those to whom the CCP allows to do business abroad in order to extend its influence is also occupying Africa. Moreover, as Bitter Winter has already reported, based on a Foreign Policy article, China is using its economic power to prevent foreign media from publishing news about religious persecution. China’s hands are far reaching abroad ‒ certainly to Africa. China is in short nearer ‒certainly to Africa.

Marco Respinti

Published, under the same title,
in Bitter Winter: A magazine on religious liberty and human rights in China
(English version), November 1, 2018